Teen Pregnancy and High School Drop Out Prevention

Teenage pregnancy is affecting the graduation rate in high schools. All over the nation the dropout rate of students is increasing, of which teen pregnancy is often a factor. â€Å"Approximately 1,000 high school students will drop out with each hour that passes in a school day in America. This means that 30 percent of the class of 2007, or 1.2 million students, were estimated to have dropped out last year† (National Womens Law Center, 2007). Many factors combine to affect a pregnant or parenting teen’s decision to drop out of high school. This paper will discuss these factors, the statistics and history of teen pregnancy, strengths and needs of this population and finally an intervention plan will be proposed based on past evidence to help†¦show more content†¦Teenagers are not educated about the dangers of engaging in sexual activity, which does lead to teen pregnancy. Providing comprehensive sexual education does not increase the likelihood that kids will have sex (Males, 1993). It will only give them the chance to make a better decision and know their options. Once teen pregnancy occurs, their lives change and the female rarely continues with her education. Teen mothers do not realize they can meet the same educational goals they had prior but it might take a little longer (Lopez-Dawson, 2000). Girls, who leave because they become pregnant, report that they would have continued with their education if they had received greater support from the educators in the school (Lopez-Dawson, 2000). Teen mothers do not know their options and do not know where else to turn. They end up dropping out and getting their GED because they are not told of any other options. Everyone needs to be educated and learn other resources that might be out there. There are many strengths and needs of the teen mothers who have dropped out of high school. Their strengths include resiliency and being a parent. Many teen mothers have had difficult childhoods and have survived many struggles. Overall, 84% of teen pregnancies are unintended and since they have overcome many hardships, this is just another obstacle (Sheaff amp; Talashek, 1995). Hopefully, teen mothers will see a newShow MoreRelatedEssay on Is Teen Pregnancy a Problem?1044 Words   |  5 PagesHow many pregnant teens have there been? Over the years more girls are becoming teen moms. In Oklahoma teen pregnancy has become a problem. Recently Oklahoma has had a pregnancy rate of 47.5% (Tulsa World). Not only is it an issue in Oklahoma but an issue in the United States as a whole. The lack of awareness and how to prevent pregnancy is a reason to blame for the increasing numbers. The more we don’t make people aware of the increasing teen pregnancy rate and how to prevent then the numbers willRead MoreTeen Pregnancy : An Accidental Teenage Pregnancy874 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Pregnancy Unintentional pregnancy can be difficult to handle, but an unintentional teenage pregnancy can alter the entire life of the teenager. Teenage pregnancy affects a large number of females in the United States, and Alabama has one of the highest rates. There are specific factors that make the youth of Alabama more vulnerable. The citizens of Alabama need to join together and be knowledgeable about why our youth is at such a high risk and how it can be changed. There is always a wayRead MoreProblems with Teen Pregnancy in Oklahoma Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesOklahoma has been ranked number two in teen birth rates according to a Tulsa World article. Teen pregnancy has always been a problem in America. More and more teens are becoming pregnant every day. Most of them can’t afford the expenses of birth control. Others do not know how to prevent it. Teen pregnancy can also cause education problems with the teen. Teen moms are not mature enough to handle raising a kid. Many kids who have parents who were young when they had them are more than likely goingRead MoreResearch on Teen Pregnancy in Los Angeles County1223 Words   |  5 PagesTeen Pregnancy in Los Angeles There is presently much controversy regarding teen pregnancy, considering that many countries in the developed world experience a rise in adolescent pregnancies in spite of the fact that effective programs are installed in these areas. Teen pregnancy has been a major issue in Los Angeles in the recent years, but the fact that state authorities have been actively involved in combating the problem has generated positive results. It is probable that the struggle for abstinenceRead MoreTeen Pregnancy and Graduation Rates1175 Words   |  5 Pages Teen pregnancy is surprisingly decreasing over the years. According to Farber, â€Å"the most recent studies have shown that there has been a decrease in the rate of pregnancies among all teenagers and among sexually active teenagers (16). Although this issue seems is decreasing this is still a problem faced by many teenage girls today. Each year, 7.5 percent of all 15-19 year old women become pregnant (Maynard 1). Not only does this issue aff ects the pregnant teen but it also affects the economy. TeenRead MoreTeen Pregnancy : The Mom And Child s Well Being, And The Family s Financial Stability814 Words   |  4 Pages Teen Pregnancy Title: Teen Pregnancy Thesis : Teen pregnancy can affect the moms education, the mom and child’s well being, and the family’s financial stability. I : Introduction a : How old was your mom when she got pregnant with you? b : 750,000 girls in America get pregnant each year. c : Teen pregnancy can affect the moms education, the mom and child’s well being, and the family’s financial stability. II : Education a : Only 40% of teen moms graduate High School, andRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy : The Highest Rate Of Teen Pregnancy1666 Words   |  7 PagesTeen Pregnancy The United States has the highest rate of teen pregnancy of most industrialized nations. According to a 2014 article, in 2013 nearly 273,105 babies were born to women aged 15-19 years, for a live birth rate of 26.5 per 1,000 women in this age group. This is a record low for U.S. teens in this age group, and a drop of 10% from 2012. Birth rates fell 13% for women aged 15–17 years, and 8% for women aged 18–19 years. Still, the U.S. teen pregnancy rate is substantially higher thanRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Issues And How It Affects Our Teens And Their Children814 Words   |  4 PagesAn assessment of Teen Pregnancy Issues Tasha Arlen HUMS 390 Tracey Rollins May 1, 2015 Abstract Through this paper I will explain teen pregnancy issues and how it affects our teens and their children. I will discuss the physical/ emotional, medical and financial strain placed on teenage parents. Teen pregnancy can affect everyone in different ways. I will also so explain some programs to help with teen pregnancy. An assessment of Teen Pregnancy Issues For manyRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Is An Issue For A Plethora Of Reasons1344 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage pregnancy is an issue for a plethora of reasons. For example, there are many health risks for the mother and the baby that come along with teenage pregnancy. Although most pregnancies are accidents, this one accident can cause a complete change in the father and mother’s lives. One may ask, is teenage pregnancy on the rise? Luckily, it isn’t. Just in 2013, â€Å"there were 26.6 births for every 1,000 adolescent females ages 15-19, or 274,641 babies born to females in this age group† (â€Å"Teen Births†)Read MoreTeen Pregnancy And Sex Education Programs900 Words   |  4 Pages1. Clemmitt, Marcia. â€Å"Teen Pregnancy.† CQ Researcher 20. 12 (2010): 267-287. Web. This particular source is an academic journal which goes into immense detail about the high rates of teen pregnancy and sex education programs the United States government provides. The article is informative and supportive of the sex education programs and explains the success rates of these programs in reducing teen pregnancy. Author Marica Clemmitt, former editor for other scholarly articles involving Medicine and

Frequency of Presidential Appointees on Federal Judges Free Essays

The frequency table reveals how many presidential appointees each president made to the Federal Appellate Court bench. This calculated on a per year basis shows that their has been a steady increase, with the exceptions of Ford who showed less and Carter who showed more, in the number of appointees to Federal Appellate Court bench during the last 10 presidencies. Since Federal Court judges are appointed for life terms, under conditions of â€Å"good behavior,† I attribute this increase in the number of Federal Appellate Court judges to larger caseloads with more issues to decide. We will write a custom essay sample on Frequency of Presidential Appointees on Federal Judges or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the exceptions noted earlier, Ford, who served only 2 ? years, appointed an average of 4. 8 Appellate Court judges a year. The other exception, Carter who served 4 years and made 56 appointments, had the greatest impact on the Federal Appellate Court system, averaging 14 appointees a year. A Perspective Look at Bush and Clinton’s Federal Appellate Court Appointees The data illustrates that Bush’s Federal judge appointees were within party lines 91% of the time. In 37 of his awarded Federal judgeships, 34 were Republican, 2 were Democrat, and 1 independent. In contrast, Clinton also stayed within party lines, but at a lesser rate, 85% going to his party, appointing 41 of 48 Federal judgeships to Democrats. The other appointees made by Clinton consisted of 3 Republicans and 4 Independents. It is apparent that presidents appoint Federal Appellate Court judges who conform to their political ideologies. Republican judges, who are chosen because of their Conservative views, tend to hand down decisions that favor government and large businesses. This becomes important in litigation involving labor-management conflicts, environmental issues, and personal injury cases when corporate America is the defendant. Democratic presidents, who also appoint Federal judges in conformity with their political ideology, appoint Democrats. These Democratic Federal Appellate court judges, liberals, are less concerned with the rights of government and corporate America and more concerned with the rights of individuals. This becomes evident in issues involving the First Amendment, rights of individuals in criminal cases, and matters involving discrimination of women and minorities. The statistics show that over the last 10 presidencies, women were appointed to the bench of the Federal Court of Appeals in 39 of the 370 total appointments, or 10% of the time. The appointment of women as Federal Appellate Court judges was never fashionable for either the Republican or Democratic presidents until very liberal Carter, during his term, appointed 11 women to the bench. Although Bush’s percentage of women appointed as Federal Appellate Court justices is only 19% of his total, it is much higher than his closest Republican predecessor, Reagan, with a 5% comparison. Clinton’s record in regard to female appointees is more balanced, but still skewed. One third of his appointees as Federal Court of Appeals judges in his first 6 years have been a woman. This contrast in difference, Clinton 42% higher than Bush in female appointees, clearly demonstrates their difference in political ideologies. The Democrats with their beliefs in individual rights, reflected in pro-choice decisions, and public policies, such as, protections on the environment by corporations, have attracted many women voters. The Democrats have also been influential in advocating equal rights for women, especially in sexual harassment litigation. The analysis shows that Bush appointed white Federal Appellate Court judges 90% of the time. In Bush’s 4 years of office, he appointed 4 judges from a minority, 2 African-American judges, and 2 Hispanic judges, comprising the other 10%. In Clinton’s 6 years of office, 23% of his Appellate Court appointments have been from a minority group. He has appointed 5 African-American judges, 5 Hispanic judges, and for the first time an Asian-American judge. Cinton’s appointees from a minority group outnumbered Bush’s by over 2 to 1. The appointment of Federal Appellate Court judges compared by race in influenced by the beliefs of the political party. Democrats, who traditionally held support from African-Americans and more recently Hispanics, are more favorable toward the ills of the economically depressed, and advocate policies toward equal rights and affirmative action. This being reflected by the percentage of persons of minority being appointed as judges to the Federal Appellate Court by Democrats. The Republican presidents, 5 of the last 10, have appointed 6 persons of minority to the Federal Appellate Court bench. This is 18% in the overall total of 33 minority judges appointed. This demonstrates less concern for minorities and the knowledge of the Republican Party that their support does not come from this sector of the population. In respect to Bush’s Federal Appellate Court appointments, religion plays an important part in the decision but less than political ideology, gender, and race. 54% of Bush’s appointed judgeships were from the Protestant faith, 24% from the Roman Catholic faith, and 16% from the Jewish faith. The remaining 6% came from those with no religion. Clinton’s appointments to Federal Appellate Court judgeships show nearly equal distributions between the Protestant and Roman Catholic faiths with 35% and 33% respectively. The Jewish faith under Clinton received 19% of the appointments and those of Unitarian faith and of no religion received 13%. The percentages are consistent with the knowledge that the United States is a mostly Protestant nation. Republicans, over the last 10 presidencies have by an overwhelming majority, awarded Federal Appellate Court appointments to Protestants. The Democrats, over the same span, have shown more diversity in their appointments. This is in line with the liberal views of the Democrats concerning equal rights and discrimination policy. Overall Patterns of Presidential Appointees to the Federal Appellate Court Bench The statistics revealed by this data indicate that Republican Presidential Appellate Court appointees are predominately white, male, and Protestant. Just during the last 2 Republican presidencies, Reagan and Bush, have the Republicans become a little more diverse in their appointments of Federal Appellate Court judges. The appointments during the Republican terms of Reagan and Bush consisted of ultra-conservatives who were well accustomed to politics and most likely millionaires. The Democratic presidents, likely more liberals in their beliefs, demonstrated this in their appointments to the Federal Appellate Court judgeships. Although the Democratic presidents appointed primarily Democrats, the data shows an increase in the appointments of women, minorities, and other religious faiths; demonstrating diversity and capturing support from these groups. Changes in Federal Appellate Court Appointments over the last 50 years The last 50 years, in respect to Federal Appellate Court judicial appointments, saw Republicans and Democrats appoint members from their own party. The Democrats, starting with Truman, began appointing minorities to Federal Appellate Court judgeships. It was not until the 60’s when civil rights and discrimination became issues that Democratic presidents became diverse in their appointments and starting including women and minorities. The Democratic presidents have included religions other than Protestant in their appointments at a higher rate than the Republicans. During this 50-year period, the Republican presidents have not traditionally appointed women or minorities to the Federal Appellate Court. Not until the 80’s, under Reagan, did a Republican president appoint members to the Appellate Court that included women and minorities. The majority of the appointees under Reagan and Bush remained to be white males. The appointments by Republican presidents from religions other than Protestant remained low in comparison to their Democratic counterparts. How to cite Frequency of Presidential Appointees on Federal Judges, Essay examples

Open Access College in Adelaide and Port Augusta myassignmenthelp

Question: Defence between Networking An Agile Networking Environment? Answer: Introducation: Open Access College in Adelaide and Port Augusta, Australia offers an online learning platform. The platform was meant to ensure that children between the age of 5-18 access an education despite being ill or geographically separated preventing them from going to school like other children. The current networking system being used is audio conferencing is audio based and such systems are expensive to run and maintain. The purpose of undertaking this internetworking project is to come up with an agile network that is cheaper to run and has more functionality. The new proposed system will support Cisco WebEx Training Centre. This is a virtual training centre. WebEx gives the student and their teachers the ability to use visual materials such movies in the learning process. Teachers are also to cater for specific individual needs and give attention to students who require it. To launch this new learning platform changes will have to be made to the current networking system. New hardware devices, software and a server will have to be put in place. The purpose of this report is to outline those changes made. Challenges Encountered During Network Setup There are several challenges that should be expected during network setup. They include: Cabling infrastructure. Several things could go wrong when it comes to cabling. An example is not following the set standards for wiring. T568a and T568b should not be combined on the same cable. Doing this will result in the cabling infrastructure failing. Another reason that could result in failure of the cabling infrastructure is not taking into account the distance between devices being connected by the cable. Environmental conditions. The general setting of the campuses may make it difficult when it comes to setting up the network. Some building may make the wiring process difficult, especially those built without the necessary trunking being done. Also, when it comes to the security of devices such as wireless routers, access points, switches and the server, issues could arise. For example, the server should be put in a secure room where access to it can be controlled Misconfigured protocols. IP is a protocol used in addressing various networking devices. Processes such as subnetting a network can be hard especially for large networks with many devices. This means while coming up with the addressing scheme one should be careful to ensure that they do not misconfigure the address or subnet incorrectly. Project Hardware Requirements The following are hardware devices that are required for a network supporting the learning platform to be established: Cisco 3640 Router. This is a 3600-series router meaning it has a multifunctional platform. It can support LAN-to-LAN or routing applications. This router has unprecedented modularity options. 3640 router has four network modules. It has an internal power supply. It has a 128mb ram. Its interface is both auxiliary and console. Its uses ethernet as its data link protocol. Uses port duplex mode. Cisco Catalyst 3550-24 Switch-24 10/100 ports and 2 Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC). It has Gigabit Ethernet ports. Finally, it has single rack unit. This switch is a multilayer switch. It has a range of Fast Ethernet. This switch belongs to the 3500-switch series. Cisco Aironet 2800i AP. This is a Cisco access point. Its specifications include 802.11ac with Wave 2 support, MU-MIMO 4*4 with 3 spatial streams, flexible radio assignment and finally an internal antenna. CAT6a Ethernet cable. Can support performance of up to 500MHz. It has improved alien crosstalk. Can be used up to a distance of up to 100m. Lenovo ThinkServer TS140. Has intel Xeon E3-1226 v3 processor with Intel Hd Graphics P4600. It also has a 4GB RAM with an internal storage of 2 * 1TB HDD. It also supports RAID. Finally, when it comes to connectivity, it has eight USB ports, four PCI/PCI-e slots, three video connectors, serial, Gigabit ethernet and three audio connectors. As for the operating system, a Window Server 2012 r2 software is the most advisable Lenovo desktop PCs. These should have at least an Intel Core i3 processor with a minimum of 4GB ram. It should also have a Network Interface Card that supports wireless connectivity. It should also have a fast Ethernet port. A Windows 10 operating system can be installed on the PCs Network Desing Open Access College has two campuses, one at Adelaide and the other at Port Augusta hence the two routers, one for each campus. The routers as responsible for linking the Internet Service Providers. The switches in each of the campuses are responsible for handling network traffic and connecting the various devices in the network. The PCs are the nodes that the users use to link to the network. Outcomes The first outcome of this network is faster transfer of data and communication among users of the network. The CAT 6a cables used offer fast Ethernet services of up to 10GB. The next outcome is a more secure network is established. The Windows Server 2012 r2 server has several security tools that carry out various tasks such as provide certificates and encrypt data. Also, the 3500-series switch used offers high end security features preventing unauthorised access. Limiations The first limitation of the above hardware is the cost to maintain it. For networks to perform efficiently constant maintenance is required and this can be quite expensive. Also in case of failure, replacing the hardware devices is also expensive. The next limitation is lack of experience and training of users of the system. The above hardware is quite new, this means the current staff at the campuses may not be fully familiar with it. Also changes made to the network may make it unfamiliar to the users as new features are added to it. This means both users and staff need to undergo training. Conclusion After the above network has been set up, Open Access College ought to see a great improvement in the services they offer. The main purpose of this network was to establish a network that supports the use of WebEx efficiently. That is, all the following are required; fast connection, secure connection, LAN to LAN connection as there are two campuses and many more requirements. The above network devices have been installed to fulfil this requirement and in my opinion, they will. References Athow D. (04 January 2017). Top 10 Best SMB Servers of 2017. (Online) Available: www.techradar.com/news/computing/servers/the-top-10-servers-for-business-1100986 Patrick McLaughlin. Matt Vincent (19 December 2012). The Top 10 Problems Network Technician Encounter (Online) Available: www.cablinginstall.com/articles/2012/12/fluke-top-10-network-technicans-problems.html Cisco. Products and Services. (Online) Available: www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/index.htm

Teams at Kluster Essay Example

Teams at Kluster Essay ANALYSIS Management Kluster has many teams; these are set teams that work on many projects as a whole. They follow the Five stage Model with the exception of pregroup, Forming, and storming. This group has been together for a while thus the first few are not needed, neither is the Punctuated equilibrium model The illuminator team has many different people I terms of characteristics; It doesn’t look they have one person to one type of task. This goes against the â€Å"roles† (pg 171) The team has a reward system that allows for positive feedback more often then negativity; they use extrinsic motivation, which goes against the â€Å"cognitive evaluation theory† Alfie Kohn Everyday the team sits to talk about the goals- this help with team efficiency and cohesiveness. Ben Kaufman who is the CEO of Kluster- he has everybody finish a to do list he is very hand on and does not share his leadership roles with his subordinates that the â€Å"Characteristics of an Effective Team† dictate. The CEO Ben Kaufman is the only leader of the group. He makes to do lists for the individuals he is a Contingent Reward Manager (leadership Model pg 279), this causes for the team to be less effective. The team needs to have more control of their own work and more leadership roles stated in the Characteristics of an Effective team (pg165) The Illuminator group does not seem to have diversity. They are all computer white males who are computer or software designers/ programmers. We will write a custom essay sample on Teams at Kluster specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Teams at Kluster specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Teams at Kluster specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This causes a lack of diversity, which can reduce many key aspects that this team needs such as increased creativity, flexibility, and problem solving skills- Team composition, Diversity (pg 171) Teams are usually really good, but there are times where teams are not preferable. Ben Kaufman is not allowing his group of people to work individually. Yes he is allowing for Virtual teams that meet but this is also everyday. This is not an ideal situation for everybody every day. This is especially true if the people in the team are introverted. Which can be figured out through the Myers Briggs

58 Essays - Cognitive Science, Academic Disciplines, Articles

58 Essays - Cognitive Science, Academic Disciplines, Articles A Haunted House: Treasures of Life A Haunted House: Treasures of Life The short story "A Haunted House" is story with meaning, by portraying to us the treasure of life. When two ghosts are searching through their old house, looking for their "Treasure", the treasure or meaning is revealed to us. The joy and love shared between two people is the treasure, the treasure of life. By using irony and stream of consciousness Virginia Woolf is able to reveal the meaning of the story. Virginia Woolf uses a style called the "Stream of Consciousness", revealing the lives of her characters by revealing their thoughts and associations. We learn about the ghosts past by seeing what they thoughts and associated with there pasts. For example when they were discussing death she put " "Here we slept," she said. And he adds, "Kisses without number." "Waking in the morning_" "Silver between the trees." "Upstairs-" "In the garden-" "When summer came-" "In the winter snowtime-" "( A Haunted House Pg. 321). This quote shows us what places and actions the ghosts associate with there joy and love. Using stream of consciousness gives us a better feeling of what the characters are going through, which in turn gives us a better understanding of the meaning. We also see the use of irony, using a word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal or normal meaning. The irony is that the story is titled "A Haunted House" which made us think that the house was an evil place. The house ends up being where every thing good happens. The ghosts did not haunt the people , instead they make them realize the treasure they have. By seeing how much the ghosts valued finding their treasure it makes the people take a harder look at what their treasure is, the love and joy they share. It is very evident when she says " Now they found it, one would be certain, stopping the pencil on the margin. And then, tired of reading, one might rise and see for one self"(A Haunted House Pg. 321). The irony draws use in by making us think that we are about read a trivial ghost story, but instead, gives us a deeper and more meaningful interpretation of ones life. By Virginia Woolf's use of, streaming consciousness and irony she is rather dramatically able to portray her thoughts on the meaning of "A Haunted House". That the joy and love shared between two people is the treasure of life. English

How to Handle Your Job Search During the Holidays

How to Handle Your Job Search During the Holidays while you might think job searching during the holidays is a waste of effort, nothing could be further from the truth. there are fewer job seekers during the holiday season, employers are shorter on applicants and recruiters are less busy. that makes it the perfect time to reach out and find that great job. so get your retail resume ready and start applying to retail jobs. here are a few tips that can get you moving to make a success of your holiday job search. 1. take a temporary jobmany employers add on extra help during the holidays, and this is a good time to pick up a temporary job or part-time job that might lead to something permanent. this is a particularly good time to find sales jobs, retail jobs and customer service jobs. hospitality job availability also picks up during the holidays and has openings in restaurants, hotels and other businesses.2.  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢tis the season to reconnectthe holiday season is a good time to reconnect with former co-workers, friends, family and individuals you know who might have a lead on a job. sending holiday cards or emails with an upbeat notation on how you are job searching may end up with leads or recommendations. if you aren’t sure what holidays these individuals celebrate, a new year’s greeting is always appropriate.3. do volunteer workthe holidays are a time when many charitable organizations are fundraising and need more volunteers. this is an opportunity to meet new people and network. it also looks good on a resume to show that you are active in the community and support worthy causes.4. attend holiday eventspeople who attend holiday get-togethers, events and parties are normally in a good mood because they are enjoying themselves. this can be a good opportunity to take along a few of your business cards and, if someone expresses interest or knows of a good job opening, you can hand them one of your cards. afterward, don’t forget to express appreciation for their help.5. remain flexiblere cruiters are extremely busy people, but less so during the holidays because many people stop looking for jobs this time of year. because competition is less, this may be a good time to talk to a recruiter. try to remain flexible if you can get an interview, because it may be difficult to fit you in at a different time. many recruiters work through the holiday season, so it is a good idea to take advantage of the opportunity.6. check your resumeif you are finding fewer job opportunities during the holidays, this might be a time to take a look at your resume. ensure that all information is up-to-date, and change any parts that could benefit from a fresher approach. don’t forget about your linkedin account. this may be a good time to do some updating, rewriting and have a more flattering photo taken for your profile.7. create your own websitehaving your own personal website is an ideal way to get your skills and accomplishments known. however, it takes some time to create one, a nd fashioning your own website over the holidays may be good timing. by showing this website to hiring managers, you have more opportunity to make a good impression and expand information on your skills.sometimes, adjustments have to be made when you are conducting a job search at certain times of the year. however, being proactive is the best way to find that job you want. thejobnetwork searches for jobs fitting your description around the clock and notifies you of each one by sending you an email alert. you only fill out what your qualifications and job interests are in order to get started. sign up for job match alert, and we do the rest.

Transportation in Manchester - Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Transportation in Manchester - Report - Essay Example The rural population moves to these urban cities for better opportunities of work, a chance of a better education; this influx of people is from foreign countries too. This human congestion leads to traffic congestion. Although, human influx helps these cities prosper in terms of human capital, intellectual capital and provision of labour; the paradox of traffic congestion comes into play (Smith, 1980). This report will highlight some of the issues that the city of Manchester faces due to traffic congestion. Also, some probable, implementable solutions to the problems will also be provided. Some of them may already be at work, however, can be implemented in a much better way. According to research in 2002, there are nearly half a million traffic jams in the Britain every year; this means that weekly there were about 10,000 congestion reports in a week. Surely, this figure has decreased in light of the initiatives taken by the transport authority; it still hasn’t completely solved the problem. The issues of traffic in Manchester are never-ending. These issues are likely to multiply if proper policy implementation and technology is not used to curtail the issues. Changing population demographics pose a threat to this deteriorating situation in the city. It is expected that by 2015, there will be multiple changes present in the size and of the city’s population; people will more to new places to work, with diverse backgrounds, increase in autonomy of the people in the policy system etc. The issue of hassle-free transportation has to be catered to on urgent basis and proper planning should be done, based on future projections and trends. One of the biggest issue that the people of Manchester faces considering the transport system is the traffic jams at rush hour. This is a pressing problem being faced all over the world. Traffic congestion at peak hours occurs as most of the vehicle owners start moving around the city. The

Computer Forensics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Computer Forensics - Research Paper Example The intention of this study is computer forensics as a way of searching and analyzing data stored in computers and other electronic media. Computer forensics aims at forensically examining digital data in order to present facts and opinions concerning the information gained. It is a relatively young forensic science when compared to the other forensics. The process has been highly misunderstood both in meaning and application. Computer forensics is commonly used to refer to the analysis and reporting of the information collected from the forensic analysis of digital-related media. It is a procedure which has been used for as long as computers have been in use. In recent years, cases of computer crimes have been on the rise. This has necessitated the adoption of computer forensics as a way of trying to nab criminals over the internet. The spread of computer related crimes has risen as the use of computers increases. In the modern world, almost all people use a computer to perform a du ty within the course of the day. People have fallen victims to computer crimes as computers are considered to be safe. Installation of security software in computers has not been able to prevent some of the crimes occurring in the cyberspace nowadays. However, this alone cannot be enough to protect data from access by unauthorized persons. There are numerous cyberspace crimes commonly occurring in modern times. The range of these crimes keeps increasing as technological advancements continue to set in. Online frauds Online frauds have become a common form of computer crimes. There have been a rising number of stock scams instigated by criminal traders over the internet. The effects of these frauds have been adverse on the business world. People have been tricked by conmen online posing to be selling items. Once payment has been done, the delivery of goods bought fails to occur. In the stock market scams, the prices of stocks have been affected by frauds carried out online. These fra uds can happen to any company, and there is a need for companies to ensure they protect themselves from possible fraudsters. Hacking This can be termed as the process of illegally accessing protected information in a computer system. It has become a common problem in the computer security framework (Thomas, 2002). Though efforts continue to be made to curb the problem, new technologies keep on being created by the hackers. The problem of hacking has been extensively linked to numerous security system failures. Hacking into national security systems has been identified as a commonly employed tactic by terrorists. When an individual hacks into a company server, he can be able to alter the information contained in the server. Virus These can be defined as programs created to maliciously

Influences to Become an Ik Essay Example for Free

Influences to Become an Ik Essay In Lewis Thomas’s essay â€Å"The Iks†, the Iks are described as cruel and detestable human beings. Iks grew up in their own ideal society as nomadic hunters and gatherers, but were soon forced to change into farmers on a poor hillside soil. After that, the Iks created their own views of how society acts to defend their self in their unworkable environment. The Iks treat their children as labor workers because they are put to work once they are able to walk. They desert their elders to starve and the children steal their food. The Iks breed without love or care for each other, which makes the breeding seem like a way to just increase their population. The only joy they get from life is by laughing at other people’s misfortune. Another bad quality they have is that they defecate on other people’s doorsteps. The Anthropologists believe that the Iks are cruel and detestable characters. However, Thomas believes that the Iks became who they are by copying that behavior from other groups. I agree that everyone has Ik characteristics from the influence of others. For everyone to have inner Ik characteristics, it would have to be from the influence of others. As Thomas states, â€Å"Cities have all the Ik characteristics†(82). Cities are a big influence because everyone watches or reads news about how they treat each other and others. They portray Ik characteristics on themselves or others. Thomas states that cities have the same qualities as Iks because they also have greedy and heartless characteristics, and they could have been an influence on the Iks. Cities portray Ik characteristics on their own or on others. The people living in the cities desert their elders in a less harsh sounding way, by sending them to senior centers. Senior centers are similar to deserting elders because one pays another to take care of their elders, so they do not have to deal with them. Cities also laugh at other people’s misfortune. In addition, cities also defecate on other properties. They ways that they defecate on themselves are by littering. People litter all over the environment, where the cities had to take action and create laws that would punish those who litter. To show a cleaner environment to others, rules are made to stop people who do not care about the environment. In addition, Thomas says, â€Å"No wonder the Iks seem familiar. For total greed, rapacity, heartlessness, and irresponsibility there is nothing to match a nation†(82). A nation strives to protect themselves and for other nations to respect their area. However, war is a big factor on how the Iks are cruel to others. There is only fighting and distain between the nations that are in war with each other. For example, â€Å"†¦editorials in every American and European newspaper and magazine of note adding to this vocabulary of gigantism and apocalypse, each use of which is plainly designed to inflame the reader’s indignant passion as a member†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (105). This shows that the news is a big factor on how the citizen of the nation acts. If the news says how despicable one country is, then all the citizens would believe the same and act angrily towards them. All these characteristics are ways that influence how the Iks act towards each other in their own society. Thomas’s ideas are true because people grow and change from watching the actions of others. Especially, with how they were treated and forced to change their lifestyle. This rude and forceful way of changing them are also factors in the Ik character. People hold Ik like characteristics from different kinds of entertainment and how others typically react to it. The only enjoyment Iks get in life is from laughing at other peoples’ misfortune. This is portrayed in current society through the media, such as movies or television shows. Recently I watched the movie Jackass 3D because my friend went to go see it. This movie directly relates to how Iks get enjoyment from other peoples troubles. The whole movie was about a group of guys doing stupid and harmful activities to make the audience laugh. The movie did bring some laughter out of the audience, but there were also scenes that were shocking or displeasing to watch. However, the whole point of the movie was the make the audiences laugh by watching their misfortune. There are also video clips on YouTube with similar concepts. Even though people in the videos get seriously injured or die, there are still people that find enjoyment from watching it. These are all characteristics that can influence others to hold the same characteristics as the Iks. As Thomas believes, the Iks would have to have some sort of influence to become the way they are. Overall, I agree with Thomas that the Iks were influenced by some outer group to become the way they are. People grow up with different characters depending on how their society lives and acts towards others. Cities and nations are a big influence to how people act towards one another. They also influence each other on what is funny to laugh at. Without the influence of others, movies like Jackass 3D would not even be a movie if they did not know that people enjoy laughing at their stupid activities. In addition, the Iks were treated badly by the people that forced them to change their lifestyle. These traits are the sorts of ideas that give people Ik characteristics.

tempmagic Magic in Shakespeares The Tempest :: Tempest essays

Magic in Shakespeare’s Tempest The Tempest, written in 1611, was one of William Shakespeare's last plays. It has a combination of superb characters, interesting settings, and a good plot line—all held together by the running theme of magic, and its ever- present importance. A closer examination of the magic in The Tempest, and the public's view of magic at the time, will give insight as to Shakespeare's choice of magic as a theme, and why it has made the play so successful and timeless. Magic presented itself to Shakespeare as a controversial topic, as it had been the persecution of those believed to perform "black magic," (witches) that had been at the forefront of societal concerns since 1050. However, after 500 years of witch-hunts, a turning point occurred in 1584, at the publication of Reginald Scot's The Discouerie of Witchcrafte (The Discovery of Witchcraft). This book was the first major book to denounce witch-hunts and their ringleaders, and unquestionable the first book in English to actually hypothesize about the methods of these so-called witches. It contained one chapter of approximately twenty pages describing what we might view as unsophisticated, old-time magic tricks. One would assume that it was this text, and texts succeeding this (The Art of Juggling, written by Samuel Ridd in 1610 also presented a few how-to's of magic) were probably not only what suggested the idea of using magic as a them to Shakespeare, but in addition, provided methods as to how the magic in the play might be accomplished. Despite the fact that in retrospective analysis it is fairly clear that witches were nothing more that magicians with a slightly different presentation, audiences were not always aware of –and those that were, were rarely convinced by—the two aforementioned texts. Witches were still persecuted and witch-hunts did not actually stop until the end of the seventeenth century. Therefore, Shakespeare's use of magic was controversial, compounded by the fact that Prospero was presented in a largely good light—a move probably made as a political statement, as it is known that Shakespeare's plays were sometimes written to include political suggestions to King James. However, when Prospero relinquished his powers at the end of the play, those that did believe in the witch-hunts were satisfied. Everyone was happy. After considering the contention that the masque scene was added for the purposes of compliment to Elizabeth and Frederick's marriage, one could conclude that Shakespeare learned more about magic after he wrote The Tempest. The reasoning follows. One could only assume that Shakespeare would have tried to make the magic in the play as fooling and magical as possible. tempmagic Magic in Shakespeare's The Tempest :: Tempest essays Magic in Shakespeare’s Tempest The Tempest, written in 1611, was one of William Shakespeare's last plays. It has a combination of superb characters, interesting settings, and a good plot line—all held together by the running theme of magic, and its ever- present importance. A closer examination of the magic in The Tempest, and the public's view of magic at the time, will give insight as to Shakespeare's choice of magic as a theme, and why it has made the play so successful and timeless. Magic presented itself to Shakespeare as a controversial topic, as it had been the persecution of those believed to perform "black magic," (witches) that had been at the forefront of societal concerns since 1050. However, after 500 years of witch-hunts, a turning point occurred in 1584, at the publication of Reginald Scot's The Discouerie of Witchcrafte (The Discovery of Witchcraft). This book was the first major book to denounce witch-hunts and their ringleaders, and unquestionable the first book in English to actually hypothesize about the methods of these so-called witches. It contained one chapter of approximately twenty pages describing what we might view as unsophisticated, old-time magic tricks. One would assume that it was this text, and texts succeeding this (The Art of Juggling, written by Samuel Ridd in 1610 also presented a few how-to's of magic) were probably not only what suggested the idea of using magic as a them to Shakespeare, but in addition, provided methods as to how the magic in the play might be accomplished. Despite the fact that in retrospective analysis it is fairly clear that witches were nothing more that magicians with a slightly different presentation, audiences were not always aware of –and those that were, were rarely convinced by—the two aforementioned texts. Witches were still persecuted and witch-hunts did not actually stop until the end of the seventeenth century. Therefore, Shakespeare's use of magic was controversial, compounded by the fact that Prospero was presented in a largely good light—a move probably made as a political statement, as it is known that Shakespeare's plays were sometimes written to include political suggestions to King James. However, when Prospero relinquished his powers at the end of the play, those that did believe in the witch-hunts were satisfied. Everyone was happy. After considering the contention that the masque scene was added for the purposes of compliment to Elizabeth and Frederick's marriage, one could conclude that Shakespeare learned more about magic after he wrote The Tempest. The reasoning follows. One could only assume that Shakespeare would have tried to make the magic in the play as fooling and magical as possible.

Are People Born Generally Good Essay

I believe all people are born generally good, but are corrupted by society later on in life. When we are born we have no idea of what our lives will become. As we grow, we encounter people that affect us in good and bad ways. We then have to take it upon ourselves to decide what is right and how we handle situations based on our previous experiences. Hence these experiences make our lives and tendencies good or bad. For example, many studies have found that those who grow up in a â€Å"broken home† or dysfunctional family are more likely to develop habits of lying, being irresponsible, and hyper-sensitive of peoples opinions about them. This is a direct effect of experiences they encountered growing up, whether it be trying to avoid harsh consequences by lying, trying to please someone who never shows support (causing hyper-sensitivity), or not having an influential adult who teaches them how to complete tasks properly (becoming irresponsible). I believe everyone I have come in contact with has been good in the end, meaning everyone has some sense of good deep inside of them. Whether that is apparent to the everyday person is decided by the unique path they’ve had through life. When thinking about the success or failures of our representative democracy, I think of it in two sections, a social issues section and a financial policy section. Socially, I believe our country is extremely successful in protecting our personal liberties and freedoms. The representatives we elect have always had split opinions on controversial issues like drug legalization, abortion, and gay marriage, but have always made sure to protect our rights to assemble, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion, to name a few. Our government has always sworn and made sure to do the right thing and keep our constitutional rights intact, for the well-being of our public. We are given the right to have opposing opinions, and most people respect the right for people to do so. This is because of the general good people are born with. In these personal liberty issues our government takes the morally good stance of upholding the Constitution, even if a verdict against it may personally benefit them more. Albeit there are always the few bad apples who make the exception. Financially is where the negativity of society begins to show in our government. We are bombarded with images of the rich, powerful and famous, and told that this is the â€Å"new American Dream†. This is what we work to attain in life, but it is almost impossible to reach. So, once the few who do make it to the top (including the representatives we elect to government) they will do what it takes to keep that power and money, because that is what makes them successful in societies eyes. This can include a lot of what you hear about in the news including adding â€Å"pork† to bills, working with lobbyists, and shady campaign funding to ensure re-election. Unfortunately, this has become normal in politics. All of this is powered by negative social ideals that we are surrounded by. Thus the generally good representative, who may have started out truly wanting to help his nation, becomes corrupt.

Disciplinary Issues and Violence in School System Essay

Disciplinary Issues and Violence in School System Throughout the nations, disciplinary issue and violence in the school systems has been a controversial matter. These issues have been an argumentum dated back before our time. Since then, schools worldwide especially public schools has implemented different types of tragedies to discipline students and reduced the violence in the schools. These problems have placed students, teachers, administrators, and staffs in constant fear, and they have retarded the educational process, undermining a generation of students, therefore school violence is not a new phenomenon (Adams 2000). Discipline is, after all, a crucial aspect of education and a central component of teachers’ work. As educators, families, and community members turned to the district to intervene in matters of discipline, they also turned to other external agencies-including professional associations, state house, and even the courts- to intervene in other realms of education that had traditionally been controlled at the school site (Kafka 2008). The discipline and punishment of students has become particular harsh- a trend that mirrors the mounting punitiveness in the criminal justice system (Welch and Payne 2010). Sources Adams, A. T. (2000). The status of school discipline and violence. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science-School Violence, 567, 140-156. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/1049499 Kafka, J. (2008). â€Å"sitting on a tinderbox†: Racial conflict, teacher discretion, and the centralization of disciplinary authority. American Journal of Education, 114(3), 247-270. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/10. 1086/529501 Welch, K. , & Payne, A. A. (2010). Racial threat and punitive school discipline. Social Problems, 57(1), 25-48. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/10. 525/sp. 2010. 57. 1. 25 Throughout the nations, disciplinary issue and violence in the school systems has been a controversial matter. These issues have been an argumentum dated back before our time. Since then, schools worldwide especially public schools has implemented different types of tragedies to discipline students and reduced the violence in the schools. Th ese problems have placed students, teachers, administrators, and staffs in constant fear, and they have retarded the educational process, undermining a generation of students, therefore school violence is not a new phenomenon (Adams 2000). School violence and discipline are not the same concept, but they are related (Adams 2000). Adams (2000) mentions some of the practices for discipline in school such as suspension and expulsion, in school suspension (ISS), and zero tolerance. He also brought up an interesting factor about students who are on medication (s) for different type’s disorders such as ADD or ADHD sometimes used an excuse for the misbehaving (Adams 2000). Discipline is, after all, a crucial aspect of education and a central component of teachers’ work. As educators, families, and community members turned to the district to intervene in matters of discipline, they also turned to other external agencies-including professional associations, state house, and even the courts- to intervene in other realms of education that had traditionally been controlled at the school site (Kafka 2008). Therefore, throughout most of the American history, students discipline was largely decentralized: local educators were responsible for determining appropriate classroom behavior and for meting out punishments as they saw fit (Kafka 2008). Today, teachers and the public remain ambivalent about the location of disciplinary authority (Kafka 2008). There are researches and studies that have been done to see if tragedies such as some listed were effective or ineffective since implemented. Research has shown that certain student socio-demographic qualities are related to harsh school discipline. Statistic indicate that poorer students are, in fact, more likely to be targeted by harsh school practices, while wealthier students more often receive mild to moderate consequences (Welch and Payne 2010). In addition, various school characteristics have found to affect the social control of students. Discipline policies are more likely to be effectively improve student behavior and accountability in school with strong principal leadership which consists support of teachers, consistent supervision and the use of feedback, high visibility and presence, and effective planning and problem- solving (Welch and Payne 2010). Another thing that research found is racial status- consistently related to student punitiveness, with inority students receiving harsher treatment more often than white students. This is general given more frequently and more punitive for less serious offenses such as suspensions, expulsions, even corporal punishment, and zero tolerance violations (Welch and Payne 2010). Putting it all together, the effects of student race on discipline is that it is actually socioeconomic status that influences school punitiveness (Welch and Payne 2010). Discipline is both an antecedent and an expected outcome or predictable behavior. Discipline is sometimes used to measure violence. School violence and discipline are mutually constitutive of the problem and need to be considered in relationship to each other (Adams 2000). There are pros and cons on some of the tragedies that have been implemented for disciplinary in the school exclusions such as suspension and expulsion. The pros for exclusion are 1) it is and an effective way for administrators to handle large numbers of disruptive youths 2) it offered protection to a larger student body and 3) provide administrators with a sense of control over the uncontrollable (Adams 2000). In the other hand, there are negative sides to this exclusion 1) students who are routinely disciplined by being suspended are more likely to drop out of school which in turn causes derailment 2) it also sends the wrong message- students loses respect for authority figures when excluded from school for truancy and 3) it has the potential to predispose unsupervised children to become individuals who are asocial, with the likelihood of increased delinquency as well- it simply displaces the offending student from the school to the street (Adams 2000). Furthermore, in-school suspension better known as ISS has it positive and negative outcome as well. ISS is use in substituting for exclusions for 1) teachers, administrators, and school districts didn’t have to deal with lengthy hearings and counsel from school-appointed attorneys 2) the programs kept disruptive students on campus- the same student would be less likely to pose an immediate threat to their local communities and would be under supervision and 3) it kept disruptive student from coming into contact with students who were likely to engage in asocial behaviors during school operating hours (Adams 2000). Furthermore, ISS can be seen as 1) a holding ground for incorrigible students who lack motivation and who are generally inspired by institutional schooling- typically supervised by paraprofessional who lack training to work effectively with at-risk students and 2) the program lacks resources including pedagogic equipment, manipulative, and other learning devices-however there are certified teacher that masterfully run the program and facilitate the learning (Adams 2000). Many students who are placed in ISS programs are there because their teachers lack appropriate mediation skills – as a result, students often find themselves skidding into ISS because of the inability of their teachers to cope with students from diverse social background that often are at variance with the background of middle-class teachers (Adams 2000). Another policy that’s implemented is zero tolerance- it has the approach taken off in response to more violent nature of school disruption. It too has its advantages and disadvantages in the school system- it has two advantages as follows 1) detection aspect- which involved surveillance throughout the school except in the restroom, dressing room and classroom. It’s to help mobilize school security and have the proactive approach and 2) punishment- a return version of exclusion, when proof is there to expelled student with certain offenses (Adams 2000). On the opposite side, zero tolerance has it disadvantages 1) Students who are kicked out of school are the one that need education the most and mostly are from low income families and are at risk 2) tends to violates students’ right to due process 3) it absolved schools of their responsibility to provide nurturing, caring, and mentoring relations that prepare students for democratic society 4) it also has the unintended consequence of being racist- it disproportionately punishes minority students 5) often remove students from the educational process for minor offenses such as being tardy, class cutting, and insubordination and 6) it has no appreciable effects on reducing violence in the school (Adams 2000). With that all put together, some studies have found that the relation between school violence and discipline is more complex than they think. By constructing orderly school environments with reduced level of violence will help provide alternatives conflict resolution and pe aceful school movements (Adams 2000).

Benefits of Reading Aloud

Benefits of Reading Aloud Reading  hasnt always been a silent activity and  the experience of reading aloud can be enjoyed by people at any age. Back in the fourth century, tongues started wagging when Augustine of Hippo walked in on Ambrose, the bishop of Milan, and found him . . . reading to himself: When he read, his eyes scanned the page and his heart sought out the meaning, but his voice was silent and his tongue was still. Anyone could approach him freely and guests were not commonly announced, so that often, when we came to visit him, we found him reading like this in silence, for he never read aloud.(St. Augustine, The Confessions, c. 397-400) Whether Augustine was impressed or appalled by the bishops reading habits remains a matter of scholarly dispute. Whats clear is that earlier in our history silent reading was considered a rare achievement. In our time, even the phrase silent reading must strike many adults as odd, even redundant. After all, silently is the way most of us have been reading since the age of five or six. Nevertheless, in the comfort of our own homes, cubicles, and classrooms, there are both pleasures and benefits in reading aloud. Two particular advantages come to mind. Benefits of Reading Aloud Read Aloud to Revise Your Own ProseReading a draft aloud may enable us to hear problems (of tone, emphasis, syntax) that our eyes alone might not detect. The trouble may lie in a sentence that gets twisted on our tongue or in a single word that rings a false note. As Isaac Asimov once said, Either it sounds right or it doesnt sound right. So if we find ourselves stumbling over a passage, its likely that our readers will be similarly distracted or confused. Time then to recast the sentence or seek a more appropriate word.Read Aloud to Savor the Prose of Great WritersIn his superb book Analyzing Prose (Continuum, 2003), rhetorician Richard Lanham advocates reading good prose out loud as a daily practice to counter the bureaucratic, unvoiced, asocial official style that anesthetizes so many of us in the workplace. The distinctive voices of great writers invite us to listen as well as to read. When young writers ask for advice on how to develop their own distinctive voices, we usually say, Keep reading, keep writing, and keep listening. To do all three effectively, it certainly helps to read out loud.

Beliefs of Malcolm X

Beliefs of Malcolm X Cheyanne Ratliff 1. When Malcolm X believes when he receives an â€Å"X† is that it is an ex form of himself. He elaborated by saying that it is supposed to â€Å"[replace] the white slave master name of â€Å"little† which some blue-eyed devil named Little had imposed on my paternal forebears,† (MX, 229). His statement is correct because many of the African Americans in America were brought over from Africa by Europeans. This means that it was not the identity of his oppressor, but of the black man himself. Although they used this excuse, there was a bit of a social privilege to not being truly African. On page 4, Malcolm X states that â€Å"[m]ost Negro parents in those days would almost instinctively treat any lighter children better than they did the darker ones. It came directly from the slavery tradition that the â€Å"mulatto,† because he was visibly nearer to white, was therefore â€Å"better†,† (MX, 4-5). What this suggests is t he impact the white slave owners have had on the ancestors of blacks and how they have been raised to think like that. It means that those who are lighter tend to have a higher social privilege because of how slave owners implied that if you were lighter, you were whiter. 2. Malcolm describes how the black people are tired of the treatment of colored men and women by the police, also known as police brutality. In MX, he states that â€Å"[i]t is a miracle that 22 million black people have not risen up against their oppressors-in which they would have been justified by all moral criteria, and even by the democratic tradition,† (MX, 251). This states that Malcolm is surprised about how the black Americans have not risen up yet against their oppressors the police. Although it seems as if the police have been nothing but brutal towards black Americans, that does not always seem to be the case. In the chapter â€Å"Black Muslims†, Malcolm states that â€Å"[l]aw agencies once had scoffed at our nation as â€Å"black crackpots†; now they took special pains to safeguard against some â€Å"white crackpots† causing any â€Å"incidents† or accidents,† (MX, 252). This supports the rebuttal because it shows how although the police always seemed more hostile and aggressive towards the black people of that time, they eventually managed to see that black people needed protection too, just as the white man needed. 3. What Malcolm X is doing is he is finding the differences between segregation and separation. On page 250 of MX, he describes segregation as â€Å"when your life and liberty are controlled, regulated, by someone else,† (MX, 251) and separation as â€Å"that which is done voluntarily, by two equals- for the good of both,† (MX, 251). The difference that Malcolm X is pointing out is that with segregation, you are regulated by somebody else, compared to separation, which is when you are regulated by yourself. This conveys the wishes that many black Americans have because many of them wish to not be controlled by the white man. Although they were segregated, they still had control over their own lives. Theoretically, they let the white man back them into a corner, which then calls for them to attack and lash back in order to protect themselves and/or their community. In the book â€Å"Things Fall Apart†, Okonkwo let the white Christian missionaries back him into a corner, which then caused him to lash out and kill himself in order to protect himself and his community. Theoretically, if they had refused the push of the white man towards that corner, they could have easily been on a faster track to equality. 4. This statement is valid because it shows how the black Americans have never been free to actually act for themselves in the sense of controlling their own communities. Similar to the last question, they have been backed into a corner. He states that separation is when †Å"†that which is done voluntarily, by two equals- for the good of both,† (MX, 251). Because the blacks are not able to completely separate from the white people, they cannot reach their full potential and power. This relates to when a dog is abused by its â€Å"owner†, then they can never really function by their own means. 5. Malcom X is describing how the black hustler in the â€Å"ghetto jungles† has to survive. By saying the ghetto hustler is the â€Å"most dangerous black man in America† (MX, 318), he is talking from experience AND what he has observed. On page 173, Malcolm X describes his observations as scary because â€Å"it had taught [him] in a very few minutes to have a whole lot of respect for the human combustion that is packed among the hustlers and their young admirers who live in the ghettoes where the Northern white man has sealed-off the Negro-away from whites-for a hundred years,† (MX, 318-319). What quotation suggests is that these young people who admire the hustlers, those who are considered the â€Å"most dangerous black [men] in America† (MX, 318) are considered that because they have the most influence upon the youth, which is the next generation. This means that because the black hustlers depend on the youth, this is how they survive and keep that â€Å"black hustler legacy† going. Although this may suggest that this is where all of their power comes from in order to survive, it is not. Earlier in the book, Malcom X describes his own accord of how it works; † I was a true hustler-uneducated, unskilled at anything honorable, and I considered myself nervy and cunning enough to live by my own wits, exploiting any prey that presented itself,† (MX, 111). This quote from himself suggests that he lived by his own wits because he thought he was all that, and he became very popular among the ranks. What this quote makes people realize is that power comes from within, and that when you create an image of yourself, that power inside of you is what causes that image to come true. 6. What Malcolm X is differentiating between is the stereotype of how a white man acts like, and what a black man acts like. What this suggests is that black people, in order to be accepted, they depend upon the stereotype of the white man and decide to try and follow that to be accepted. An example of this is when Malcolm X states that â€Å"[t]he only difference was that the ones in Boston had been brainwashed even more thoroughly. They prided themselves on being incomparably more â€Å"cultured,† â€Å"cultivated,† â€Å"dignified,† â€Å"and better off than their black brethren down in the ghetto, which was no further away than you could throw a rock. Under pitiful misapprehension that it would make then â€Å"better,† these Hill Negroes were breaking their backs trying to imitate white people,† (MX, 42). This suggests that black people wil l try to imitate white people in order to seem more appealing to them. The quotation describes how societal pressures were even more severe than they are today. Before coming to a conclusion though, we must consider how the white man did not always intentionally discriminate. On page 174 of MX, he describes the cause of the black man’s condition was because of the â€Å"white man’s society [being] responsible for the black man’s condition in this wilderness of North America.† This quotation says that although there is social pressures from the white man, his society implements even more social pressures than the white man does himself. It suggests that the black community itself is more socially pressuring than the white man’s community is at times. A connection to this is from the book The Pearl by John Steinbeck, when the richer society who lived inside the gate had societal pressures pushed upon those who live outside the wall, those who lived outside of the wall developed even stronger, negative societal pressure that basically said ‘if you don’t live inside the wall you’re unsuccessful’. This eventually pushed Kino to go crazy, just because he wanted money to get into the inside of the wall. Those snooty black brethren who stuck their noses up at their brothers and sisters in the ghettoes were like Kino, and they drove themselves crazy trying to fit into an ideal placed in their heads by themselves and those around them. 7. To begin with, Hajj means pilgrimage. In order for Malcolm X and all separationists (in MX’s eyes) to achieve their goal, they must remain united. In the book, Malcolm X says that â€Å"for the black man in America the only solution is complete separation from the white man,† (MX, 250) and that â€Å"Islam is the hope for justice and equality in the world we must build tomorrow,† (MX, 241). Malcolm X here basically says that we must separate from the white men and all join Islam in order to complete their destined pilgrimage. Although this seems like the perfect solution, this is far from it. This was similar to when Hitler believed that there was only one pure race and that they should all be â€Å"separated† to be perfect, just as Malcolm X believed that there was only one way that black people could be perfect, and that was separated under the state of Islam. This is a â€Å"one right way† mindset that could potentially be dangerous if it is not handled properly. 8. America is seem as a major place full of discrimination in all parts of the world. To support this, Malcolm X states that they called them â€Å"[h]ate teachers† â€Å"violence seekers†Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ black racists† â€Å"black fascists† â€Å"anti-Christian† â€Å"possibly communist inspired†,† (MX, 243). This all started because of a few racist whites had collected footage and lied about the intention s of Malcolm X and Mr. Muhammad. This is a prime example of how the Americans perceived them beause they were not only black, but also Muslim. Although this produced hate and more discrimination, it made black Muslims stronger and more powerful. This is similar to how people saw the Baton Rouge bus boycott of 1953 as a bad thing, but really it made those boycotting even stronger and more powerful. It did that because it eventually made people realize â€Å"hey maybe this is wrong.† Although this is not the case in MX, the amount of attention is similar to the amount pf attention that the bus boycott got in 1953. 9. When Malcolm X suggests when he says â€Å"thinking internally† is that the American power structure does not want them to realize how powerful they could be. Malcolm X describes this behavior as selfish when he says â€Å"he loves himself so much that he is startled if he discovers that his victims don’t share his vainglorious self-opinion,† (MX 243). What this means is that if the white man pressures black people into believing one thing about themselves, and the black people do not agree, then the white man would lash out, almost like an angry toddler. A connection to this is similar to when Donald Trump tries to convince people of one thing, and when they don’t believe it, he turns into a ‘crybaby’. But, this is not always the case. On page 318, MX describes the ghettoes, and how the people within them are preconditioned to think that they must â€Å"fight to survive†. What this suggests is that the white man’s tactics had been successful and basically â€Å"cornered† them into believing this is where they belong. This is a similar example to when you keep telling a dog that it is a bad dog. It is eventually going to believe that and not try to change that mindset. 10. When Malcolm X writes that â€Å"the seeds of racism are so deeply rooted many whites are even unaware of their own racism†( MX, 369-370) , he is basically saying that the hate of blacks has been passed on for so long, it has practically become tradition. And with tradition, there is always a wish for change, so blacks were always pushed to become lighter or to act more ‘white’. In The Autobiography of Malcolm X , Malcolm X says â€Å"I remember that I thought that it looked as if my father’s strong black face had been dusted with flour, and I wished they hadn’t put on such a lot of it† (MX, 11). What MX is saying by this is that he wished that they wouldn’t have tried to have his father look lighter because it strayed the thought of his strong, deep ebony father he had etched into his mind. This could be related to how when certain family members die, their kids do not want certain things done to those family members because it takes away from the thought of them they already have in their heads. But, sometimes the families will go again st embracing their loved ones wishes. For example, on page 8 of The Autobiography of Malcolm X, MX talks about how his ) mom would make him go outside to â€Å"[l]et the sun shine on [him] so [he] can get some color.† (MX, 8). What this suggests is that even though MX was okay with his skin color and the lightness/darkness of it, his mother still pressured him to get MORE color because that was her tradition, or hoe she was raised. This is similar to how President Obama had to think about his traditions and values before he made any decisions, like all presidents have done/ will do. 11. MX is basically suggesting that this mass genocide had welcomed them into the system, and now they needed to be accepted. The best way to be accepted though, in MX’s eyes, was to revolt. On page 375 he praises the revolt saying that â€Å"the negroes so-called â€Å"revolt† is merely an asking to be accepted into the existing system!† (MX, 375). This suggests that the bl ack people believe that they have to fight their way to earn recognition and respect within the system, like they grew up believing. This is similar to how many of the young hustlers grew up seeing pimps and hustlers fighting in the streets to survive, learning from them how they need to fight to survive like that too. But, even though they needed to fight to get into the system, there were many placed throughout the U.S that had accepted the black people into their systems. This proved good, but few people saw it. 12. MX is basically calling to arms for the black people to â€Å"take no shit†. He believes, through the massive rallies that â€Å"were [an] astounding success† he had helped raise awareness, and now they needed to do whatever possible to keep that awareness up and continue with pursuing equal rights. Even though there isn’t really a rebuttal for this, I feel as if MX had to convince himself of that too, considering when the press came at him afte r the film â€Å"The Hate That Hate Produced† aired, he had to consult Mr. Muhammad on what to do because he hadn’t stayed confident enough in himself OR his followers to believe that they were strong enough to keep earning those rights. This is similar to when he believed that things would not get better for him in jail, so he had to depend on his God for help and guidance. 13. What Malcom X is saying is that the white man has preconditioned the black man for a life of crime and discrimination! To support this, he states on page 248 that many black men were converted to the white man’s way of thinking because of money or promises of a better life, so they became â€Å"black bodies with white heads† (MX 248). This means that they would give up anything for a better life, because they knew that the one that they were living at that moment wouldn’t’ve gotten them anywhere in life, so they became one with the enemy. Although this was the case , many black people had switched sides due to all of the negativity towards MX and Elijah Muhammad and their teachings due to â€Å"The Hate That Hate Produced†. This is similar to when you are in a car crash and hurt your neck, so if you try to move it or anything, you will just hurt it more because of the problems that are already there. Reflection 1. The most novel claim was that traditions could be pressured onto other people who weren’t associated with those people to begin with. It was novel because it was true, otherwise racism and discrimination would not have occurred. 2. page 243 and 251 (Questions 9+2) 3. Danya’s explaination of how the blacks were preconditioned to live and think a certain way, and Liz’s which piggybacked upon that. 4. This is similar to when you are in a car crash and hurt your neck, so if you try to move it or anything, you will just hurt it more because of the problems that are already there. 5. Question two bec ause it provided a lot of discussion. 6. Question twelve because I went so in depth with it because it interested me.

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing Plan - Essay Example Competition from Blackpool Beach will decrease income from both inbound international tourism and local tourism by a considerable margin (between 8-10%). iii. With the tourism in Scotland on the rise (VisitScotland 2012), our competitors will institute new facilities and recreational activities for the summer season before March 2014. Marketing Objectives Aberdeen Beach offers a serene, beautiful and relaxing environment for tourists, both local and international. Apart from coming up with a mission statement that is both marketing oriented and consumer-focused, Aberdeen City Council should create an objective to attain cumulative growth in tourism volume of at least 60% over the next three years. At least 30% of this tourism growth should result from local tourist and from new facilities that offer activities that are non-seasonal or are generally undertaken during the off-peak period. Aberdeen beach should also institute efforts to capture over 25% of the tourism market share in th e area within the next 3 years. This will make sure that it is the biggest tourist destination in the area. Better facilities and activities that take advantage of off-peak tourism will ensure that it offers valid competition to Blackpool beach. To accomplish the various marketing objectives laid down, the Aberdeen City Council should put benchmarks in place to assess progress. Frequent evaluation of these objectives will offer feedback and potential remedial actions on a timely basis. The chief marketing objective is to improve the perceptions tourists as well as the locals have about the Aberdeen Beach. Since Aberdeen beach has been slowly losing both the local and the international tourists, it must not be satisfying its current consumers. The city council should review the problems that hinder success and use it to not only keep its current tourism base but encourage new international and local tourists to the area. To improve success, benchmarks should be developed to understan d how the city council can improve the experience of tourists to the beach through knowledge of tourist’s needs and specific opportunities for instituting new recreational facilities. The benchmarks should be developed through market research as well as the City Council’s marketing information system. Another objective should be the institution of an education program that will serve to educate the local residents about the issue of climate change and the rising flood risk in the area. The City Council should collaborate with the local residents in efforts to conserve and restore the beach (Robert Gordon 2013). The City Council should also create a new office that deals with beach security and cleanliness. It should interact with local residents and set up an institution that deals with cleaning up the beach and ensuring that companies and other individuals do not use the beach as a dumping point. According to Chan, Leung, and Wong (2006) collaborative environment rest oration efforts can be utilized as a means of advertisement both for local consumers and international. It should also collaborate with local law enforcement to ensure that visitors to the beach are safe. Marketing Strategies A. Target Markets Target Market 1: The first target market is the local tourists. Posters and customized calendars showing the beauty of Aberdeen beach could help reconnect with the local population. The Beach has also received bad

Ernest Hemingway's Use of the Code Hero concept in The Sun Also Rises Essay

Ernest Hemingway's Use of the Code Hero concept in The Sun Also Rises - Essay Example Obviously, the message that the author wishes to impart is that the values of such ideals are not in their definition but in the manner that one would live and die while trying to uphold and apply them. As Philip Young would describe, â€Å"the code hero, then, offers up and exemplifies certain principles of honor, courage, and endurance which in a life of tension and pain make a man a man, as we say, and enable him to conduct himself well in the losing battle that is life.† (11) At the end of The Sun Also Rises, Barnes clearly fails to get what he wants, which means that cannot claim victory in the struggle to promote his own principles. Barnes, however, is not the stereotypical hero, one with only strengths being highlighted by the author. This is because Hemingway’s code hero has his own frailties, an important element so that the reader can relate himself or herself to the character. In fact, in Barnes is obviously still on the process of strengthening his principle s as he observes the weaknesses and strengths of the other people that surround him. This means that he too is in the process of determining which ideals he must uphold and which human tendencies that he must avoid. At the beginning of the story, Barnes does not show anything that proves his tight grasp on his ideals.

Analysis of The Transcription of Kenyon Universitys Commencement Essay - 23

Analysis of The Transcription of Kenyon Universitys Commencement Address Article - Essay Example The example of fish and the story of ‘the atheist and the religious person’ are interesting narratives that emphatically put across the salient thoughts of the writer. He says that when students become responsible adults, they get so wrapped up in their own individual pursuit of their ambitions in life that they forget to apply their basic human trait that calls for understanding and compassion for others. In the speech, he says that the academic degree gives us the necessary skills to move forward in our professional and private life but unfortunately it does not teach us to be aware of small things that make us happy. ‘Education is not so much about filling you up with knowledge as it is about quote teaching you how to think’ is one of the most profound parts of the speech. Wallace has touched the core of the education system and has made a direct hit. He says that academia gives us knowledge and a knowledge-based capacity to think. But unfortunately, it does not give one confidence to justifiably apply the wider perspectives of those informed choices on our day to day life! We are afraid to look at the different perspectives because that may not conform with our present aims and objectives. We, therefore, end up with a hard paced robotic life where ‘my and mine’ becomes omnipotent. He exhorts the students to become more flexible in their outlook and look beyond the fast-paced life of professionalism. He says that like an atheist, who refuses to acknowledge the two Eskimos as answers to his prayers, we are also deluding ourselves with our make-believe successes and unrealistic goals.

Lysozyme Enzymes: Purification and Assaying

Lysozyme Enzymes: Purification and Assaying Abstract This lab investigates the purification and assaying of lysozyme using size exclusion chromatography and Bradford protein assay. Micrococcus Lysodeikticus is employed in this lab as the substrate for lysozyme and its enzymatic activities are observed under various pH and substrate concentrations for determining the optimal conditions for lysozyme activity. The highest lysozyme activity was observed at a substrate concentration of 0.4 mg/mL and at an optimum phosphate buffer pH of 7. These optimal conditions were set as standard conditions for assaying the purified fractions for lysozyme activity and for the protein assay. A solution of egg white is used as the source for lysozyme and it is purified using size exclusion chromatography with column Sephadex G-50 that has a fractionation range from 1,500 to 30,000 daltons. Size exclusion chromatography provides purification of lysozyme, however about 64% of its initial yield is lost in the process of purification through the beads. The hi ghest lysozyme activity was observed for fraction # 12 indicating a structural mass range of 15,000da-13,500da for lysozyme. The protein assay indicated a significant concentration of protein in the neighbouring fractions of purified lysozyme, however the exact concentration of lysozyme in albumen remain inconclusive. Introduction Lysozyme is a catalytic enzyme that digests bacterial cell wall and is found in significant amounts in egg whites. Egg white, also known as albumen, is the cytoplasm of the unfertilized egg cell, which consists of approximately 40 different proteins dissolved in water (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). The main proteins in albumen are ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, ovomucoid, globulins, lysozyme, ovomucin, avidin, etc (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). Lysozyme comprises about 3.5 % of the total protein weight in albumen (Lee-Huang et al. 1999) and thus a solution of egg white was used as the source of lysozyme in this lab. The main objective of this lab is to purify lysozyme using size exclusion chromatography for examining its structural properties and concentration in albumen. In this experiment lysozyme is extracted and purified from albumen using size exclusion chromatography. The stationary phase in the column consists of a porous cross linked gel matrix of Sephadex G-50 with a fractionation range of 1,500da to 30,000da. Separation and purification by size exclusion chromatography is based on molecular size i.e. larger molecules elute first with the mobile phase while the smaller molecules get trapped within the beads and elute last (Lodish et al. 2000). The different proteins present in albumen should elute at different fractions due to their varying molecular sizes leading to the purification of lysozyme which has a literature structural mass of 14,400da. It is hypothesized that since lysozyme is a small molecule in comparison to the fractionation range of the Sehadex G-50 coloumn, a significant amount of lysozyme is likely to be trapped or retarded by the resin beads resulting in a low yield. Substrate binding is used as a powerful tool in this experiment where the enzymatic reactions are used for detecting the presence of lysozyme. The structural composition of lysozyme consists of 129 amino acid residues folded into a compact globular structure with a cleft for substrate binding (Berg et al. 2002). When a substrate binds to the cleft, it hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan polysaccharide found in many bacterial cell walls, resulting in the osmotic lyses of the cell (Berg et al. 2002). Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible to the effects lysozyme due to their peptidoglycan cell wall being exposed to the extracellular environment (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). However, gram negative bacteria are less vulnerable to the presence of lysozyme due to their thin layer of peptidoglycan shielded by the outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). In this lab, the gram positive bacteria of Micrococcus Lysodeikticus is used as a substrate for detecting the enzymatic activ ities of lysozyme. The Bradford assay on the other hand is used to estimate the concentration of lysozyme with respect to other major proteins present in albumen. Lysozyme has great research importance since it possesses the capability to lyse gram positive bacteria. Lysozyme, like most of the other biomolecules are not found in nature in its isolated form and this lab investigates one of the most simplest methods for extracting and purifying lysozyme from albumen. Materials and Methods A solution of egg white diluted to  ¼ with 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7 and filtered though glass wool is used as the source for lysozyme (Laboratory Manual. 2007). The solution is put through size exclusion chromatography with G-50 Sephadex column (fractionation range of 1,500-30,000 da) to produce 24 test tubes of equal egg white fractionations of 0.75 mL (Laboratory Manual. 2007). Numerous assays are conducted with varying pH and micrococcus (substrate) concentration to determine the optimal conditions for the highest enzymatic activity of lysozyme. After the collected column fractions and prepared egg white solution were left in the lab for two weeks, the odd numbered test tubes were assayed for lysozyme activity and the even numbered test tubes were assayed for protein at optimal pH. Refer to York University Department of Biology Laboratory Manual Summer 2008, SC/Biol 2020 Cell Biology and Biochemistry Pages 54-57 for a more detailed procedure of the lab. Also refer to the attached flow sheets for a thorough step by step procedure for this lab. Results The addition of micrococcus to a solution of lysozyme results in the rapid decrease in its optical density value due to its enzymatic reactions. Various assays are conducted in this lab to examine various properties of lysozyme. The substrate concentration assay indicated 0.4 mg/mL of micrococcus to be the optimal substrate concentration for lysozyme as it resulted in the highest enzymatic activity of 250 units. The pH assay on the other hand indicated pH 7 to be the ideal pH for the phosphate buffer as it resulted in the high lysozyme activity of 300 units. These observations led us to set 0.4 mg/mL micrococcus and buffer pH of 7 as standard conditions for assaying the size exclusion column fractionations for protein activity. When assaying the odd numbered fractionations for lysozyme activity, fraction # 15 reached the highest enzymatic activity of 900 units specifying the presence of concentrated lysozyme in that fraction of egg white. The neighbouring fractions (#14 and #16) show ed significant protein concentrations of 4.4 mg/mL and 1.6 mg/mL when assayed however the highest protein concentration as observed in fraction # 12 which indicated a protein concentration outside the standard curve range. Upon dilution, the protein concentration of fraction # 12 was calculated to be 9mg/mL. Based on the results, a protein fold of 1.36 was calculated and the results showed a high lysozyme yield loss of about 64%. Calculations: Sample calculation of Micrococcus dilution: Target: 3 ml of 0.4 mg/ml Micrococcus C1V1 = C2V2 (10 mg/ml)(x ml) = (0.4 mg/ml)(3 ml) X = 0.12 ml of Micrococcus 3 ml 0.12 ml = 2.88 ml Therefore, 0.12 ml of Micrococcus and 2.88 ml of Phosphate buffer will be required Sample calculation of total protein in fraction # 15: protein concentration of 0.52 mg/mL Volume in fraction: 0.1 mL Total protein = 0.52mg/mL X 0.1mL = 0.052 mg Sample calculation of Total Enzyme Activity in fraction # 15 Activity = ΔOD x 1min/0.001 Activity = (0.4) x 1min/0.001 Activity = 400 units Sample calculation of Specific Activity for fraction # 15: Enzyme activity of column fraction 15 = 90 units Total protein = 0.052 mg Specific Activity = Enzyme Activity/Total protein Specific Activity = 400 units/( 0.052 mg) Specific Activity = 7692 units/mg protein Sample calculation of initial specific activity of the egg white at 0.3 mg/ml substrate: Specific Activity = Enzyme Activity/Total Protein Specific Activity = 90 units/(4.5 mg/ml x 0.1 ml) Specific Activity = 200 units/ mg protein Calculation of Fold Purification: Fold Purification = Specific Activity of fraction/Specific Activity of egg white Fold Purification = (7692 units/ mg protein) / (200 units/ mg protein) = 38.46 Discussion This lab experiment examines the purification and assaying of egg white lysozyme. Lysozyme is both a protein and an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan (Lodish et al. 2000). It is found in abundant quantities in albumen (egg whites) where it protects the egg embryo from bacterial invasion. Several assays were conducted in this lab experiment and each assay demonstrated a significant property of lysozyme. Enzymes have optimal conditions at which it functions most effectively and it is important that enzymes are studied under optimal conditions for the most accurate results and observations. The substrate concentration assay and pH assay were employed in this experiment to determine the optimal conditions for lysozyme since its enzymatic activity varies with substrate concentration and buffer pH. Appropriate substrate concentration is significant for an enzymatic reaction because a high substrate concentration might outnumber the available active sites on lysozyme while a low substrate concentration will leave vacant binding sites on the lysozyme. This lab proved 0.4 mg/mL of Micrococcus to be the optimal substrate concentration for lysozyme with a high enzymatic activity of 250 units. The determination of the optimal pH at which the substrate-enzyme binding is carried out most efficiently is another important aspect of an enzymatic reaction. An environment too acidic or basic could ca use hindrance for the substrate-enzyme binding and thus result in low lysozyme activity. The phosphate buffer pH assay in this lab proved pH 7 to be the optimal pH at which the enzymatic activities of lysozyme are carried out most efficiently with an enzymatic activity of 300 units. Size exclusion chromatography is used in this experiment for extracting and purifying lysozyme from the mixture of approximately 40 proteins that is present in albumen. Other proteins that are present in significant quantities in egg whites are ovalbumin (66 kDa), ovotransferrin (77.8 kDa), ovomucoid (28 kDa), ovomucin, avidin (18kDa), etc. however none of these proteins share the same molecular mass as lysozyme which has a literature molecular weight of 14.5 kDa (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). This unique mass distinction between the proteins present in albumen allows size exclusion chromatography to be an effective method in purifying lysozyme as its separation method is solely based on molecular mass difference. Specific selection of resin for the column is another important factor in protein purification as the porosity and fractionation range of the column should be focused on the protein being purified. This experiment uses the Sephadex G-50 column for protein purification. The stationary phase of Sephadex G-50, has a bead matrix with a well defined pore size for separating proteins within the fractionation range of 1,500da 30,000da. Sephadex G-50 is well suited for lysozyme purification because lysozyme has a literature molecular mass of 14,400da (Lee-Huang et al. 1999) which falls midway between the column fractionation range. Purification of lysozyme however would come with the cost of obtaining low lysozyme yields. During purification, the larger molecules elute first while the smaller molecules like lysozyme travel through the beads and elute last. This affects the yield of lysozyme as some of its initial mass gets trapped within the gel matrix beads during separation while another small fraction of the initial yield is lost due to the retardation of the lysozyme during the in and out diffusion of the protein from the beads in the matrix (Laboratory Manual. 2007). Thus for a method like size exclusion chromatography, I would predict very low yields. The prediction was proved to be true as the data collected from the experiment demonstrated a low yield of 36%. Thus even though the method of size exclusion chromatography is effective in purifying lysozyme, it comes with the disadvantage of low yield. Micrococcus, the substrate for lysozyme in this experiment, is a gram positive bacteria with an exposed peptidoglycan cell wall (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). Like any other enzymes, lysozyme is very specific about its substrate and the ability of lysozyme to bind to micrococcus and lyse the cell allows us to follow its enzymatic activity through the decrease in optical density detected on the spectrometer. Lysozyme activity assay demonstrated a peak for the highest enzymatic activity at fraction # 15. The peak represents the single protein species of lysozyme because micrococcus can only be digested by lysozyme and no other albumen proteins. Therefore all activities observed for lysozyme assay is due to the presence of lysozyme binding and hydrolyzing the peptidoglycan in the cellular walls of micrococcus. Micrococcus is thus the ideal substrate for this experiment however it also poses some disadvantages as well due to its biohazardous nature. Micrococcus needs to be handled with extra c aution and is to be discarded of appropriately. The lysozyme assay showed the highest specific activity of 900 units in fraction # 15. This indicated that fraction # 15 contained purified lysozyme. Considering the fractionation range of 1,500 30,000 da of the chromatography, and the elusion of a fixed volume into 24 separate test tubes, an estimation of the molecular weight range for fraction # 15 could be made around 15,000 da 13,500 da, a range that covers the literature molecular mass of lysozyme, 14,400 da. Thus, our detection for the fraction of egg white containing purified lysozyme was pretty accurate. The Bradford protein assay was used in this lab to examine the protein concentration of lysozyme with reference to the other proteins present in albumen. Theoretically lysozyme comprises about 3.5% of the total protein mass in albumen (Canà §ado et al. 2007). Even though it is a significant amount, there are other proteins comprising a higher concentration in albumen. The odd fractionations closest to #15 show fair concentrations of protein with # 14 showing a concentration of 4.4 mg/mL and # 15 showing 1.6 mg/mL. In order to get an accurate reading for the lysozyme protein concentration, fraction # 15 would have to be directly assayed instead of its neighbouring fractions. Thus the actual lyoszyme concentration in albumen remains inconclusive. The highest protein peak was observed for fraction # 12 with a protein concentration that went beyond the standard curve range. Upon dilution, the protein concentration of # 12 was determined to be approximately 9 mg/mL. This indicates that a protein that eluted in fraction # 12 is the most concentrated in albumen. Specific activity is defined as the enzyme activity over total amount of protein (Laboratory Manual. 2007). The specific activity of 900 units/mg protein for fraction 15 and the specific activity of the initial egg white solution of 666.66 a fold purification of 1.35(Refer to calculations). The yield of lysozyme after purification was fairly low indicating a high percent of loss. This loss was due to a portion of lysozyme being trapped within the beads of the matrix during purification and another small portion being distorted during in and out diffusion of lysozyme (Laboratory Manual. 2007). The 64% loss in enzyme yield was worth the increase in purity because purifying the enzyme enabled us to estimate its structural mass and protein concentration in albumen. Sources of error in this lab were tried to be kept at its minimal level however there could still be some errors that might have deviated the results slightly. Lysozyme activity was measured by detecting the difference in optical density on a spectrophotometer in a time period of 1 minute. Incorrect readings of the optical density caused by fingerprints/other residue on the test tube surface or reading the incorrect absorbance at an earlier or later time period could have been a major source of error as this lab is dependent on the accuracy of the optical density readings. Other sources of error could be dilution errors as some of the dilution require very minute amounts and pipetting the small amounts with the pipette provided for this lab accurately is very challenging. New researches in the field of biochemistry help expand our knowledge about cell and molecular processes and thus research interest in the unique enzyme of lysozyme is of no exception. It was previously believed that lysozyme was used primarily as a constitutive defense against bacterial pathogens but recent research indicate that in certain species in the animal kingdom the structure of lysozyme is different and the structural difference enables lysozyme to incorporate other useful functions such as digesting bacteria for nutrition (Canà §ado, et al., 2007). Research has also shed light on urinary lysozyme C showing that a combination of urinary lysozyme C with certain RNases can be used to combat HIV-1 (Lodish et al. 2000). Other researches on lysozyme conducted by Lee-Huang et al. found that lysozyme from chicken egg white, human milk and human neutrophils combined with RNase A from bovine pancreas display activity against HIV-1 (Lee-Huang, et al., 1999). These are significant di scoveries that not only broaden our knowledge in biochemistry but also define possible cures for HIV in the future. Conclusion Lysozyme is a widely distributed enzyme in the animal kingdom that lyse bacterial cells to protect organisms from bacterial invasion and this lab demonstrated some of the important characteristics of this unique enzyme. Micrococcus proved to be an ideal substrate for observing lysozyme activity due to its gram positive nature illustrated by its exposed peptidoglycan cell wall, the cleavage target of lysozyme. The substrate concentration assay and pH assay demonstrated how lysozyme is at its peak enzymatic activity at the optimal substrate concentration of 0.4 mg/mL and at a buffer pH of 7. Even though the exact protein concentration of lysozyme in albumen remains inconclusive, the neighbouring fractions assayed for protein concentration provided an estimate that lysozyme is present in significant amounts in egg white in comparison to the other albumen proteins. Even though lysozyme was successfully purified using size exclusion chromatography with Sephadex G-50 column, its purificati on resulted in the loss of lysozyme yield. The column beads trapped and retarded about 64% of the total lysozyme resulting in low yields. Overall this was lab was well engineered to demonstrate how size exclusion chromatography can be used for purification based on molecular mass and how the unique activities of a certain enzyme with its specific substrate can be used to determine the purified fraction that contain the certain enzyme. Needs of the Elderly: A Case Study Needs of the Elderly: A Case Study Introduction We live in an ageing world and Australia is not an exception. In 1901 only 4% of Australians were 65 and older, by 2016 that figure increased to 15.3% and is estimated to rise to 23% by 2041 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016, Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), 2012). The United Nations (UN) principles of ageing, supported by the Australian Government, recognises the rights of all older persons, focusing in areas such as: independence; participation; care; self-fulfilment and dignity (Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW), 2013), but are we doing enough to protect these rights and ensuring our older Australians are not left disadvantaged? This essay looks at the case of Hank, retrenched from his lifelong employer at the age of 62 with future employment prospects bleak. It looks at factors through the life course that effect Hank in his older years and discovers how Social Workers can respond to this demographic to assist them in continuing to fulfil a satisfying life. Key Social, Psychological and Physical Needs As a social worker, it is important to have an understanding of the key social, psychological and physical needs of the client plus any issues that may be present. In this way, a holistic and specific needs assessment can be made that identifies how a client situation affects his needs moving forward (Tanner Harris,2008). Hank was retrenched from his workplace and is having difficulty finding a new job. The jobs he is experienced in are becoming unsuitable due to the onset of arthritis and without formal training, his employment prospects are bleak. There have been many studies linking unemployment with lower levels of well-being, and higher levels of distress, self-doubt and dissatisfaction (VanDerMeer,2014). Being unemployed can be detrimental to ones needs, not only because of lesser income but also due to the effects on psychological and social factors (VanDerMeer,2014). Societal norms and expectations also plays an important role in well-being, being employed helps us to feel w e are conforming to those values and norms (Thompson,2016, VanDerMeer,2014). Mens social identity is often centred around their work and although as a society we are shifting in our view of men being the sole bread winner, for Hanks cohorts, his role as financial provider gave him a sense of pride and sense of identity. Hanks friends, his social group, have remained at work, this puts added stress on Hanks wellbeing, people who are unemployed are better able to cope when others around them are in the same situation (Clark,2003). Human Rights and Legislation Hank, like all Australians, have a universal right to employment regardless of factors such as culture, gender, age and disability (Ife,2012). The Australian Government, through the Australian Human Rights Commission, has agreed to uphold the UN covenants on human rights. Although there is no international covenant in the area of ageing, the Universal Declaration Of Human Rights (1948, art.23) and the International Covenant On Economic, Social And Cultural Rights (1966, p.3,art.6) states that everyone has the right to work and be paid without discrimination, and that protections should be in place against unemployment. Federal legislation in place to uphold Australian Human Rights include the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 and Age Discrimination Act 1992. In Victoria, workers rights are protected through the Equal Opportunity Act 2010, which includes Age and Disability. Adhering to such rights gives all people a sense of human dignity, a value held by the Australian Asso ciation of Social Workers (AASW) in its code of ethics (2010). These protections should be an advantage to Hank but unfortunately, in reality age discrimination, modernisation and globalisation often make it difficult to apply. Impact of Structural and historical Factors Although ageing happens to us all regardless of race, culture, gender or class, these structural factors, economic and social policies, plus experiences throughout the life course, often have a significant influence on later life (Hughes Heycox,2010). That influence, restrained by economic and social policies, has the ability to limit choices and opportunities that impact on ageing (Bengtson DeLiema,2016). Australias increasing population and its effect on the dependency ratio (the portion of population who are too young or old to work by those of working age), will also have an impact on factors such as housing, medicare, Centrelink, superannuation and age care. If Hank turns 63 in 2017, he was born in 1954, the baby boom generation. The year of birth is not only important in determining Hanks generational cohorts and possible life course experiences, but also in determining his eligibility for services such as the aged pension and superannuation release. The baby boomers were so called due to the raise in babies born during and post world-war II 1943 -1964 (Tolbize,2008). According to Tolbize (2008, p.2), it was an era of prosperity and optimism and bolstered by the sense that they are a special generation capable of changing the world, have equated work with self-worth, contribution and personal fulfillment. Generalising on the typical situation of this generation, Hank and his cohorts would have had a strong sense of work and sacrifice. They believed in loyalty to one employer with success being gained through step-by-step promotion, of paying their dues (Tolbize,2008). Hank was born in the pre-globalisation era where people could more e asily get a job without the need for a university or formal trade education (Phillipson,2009). Hank chose to follow the path of his father, leave school at 16 and start work as a machine operator. He expected, just as his father did, to be in his job for the rest of his working life. However, the recent globalisation of the Australian economy and technological advances, are often reflected in retrenchment of lower skilled workers like Hank and the creation of structural unemployment where unemployment results from shifts in the economy and by factors such as technological advances, making lower-skilled jobs obsolete (Business Council of Australia (BCA),2004, Klehe et.al,2012). Government measures are normally in place to provide assistance in the form of retraining in such situations. For example, when industries such as the car manufacturing, the government purposed other needed industries for retraining such as, ironically, aged care. For older workers, such as Hank, the offer i s often refused. Hanks self-devaluing attitude based on the ageist stereotype of you cant teach an old dog new tricks is often a barrier to changes in ones employment sector. Based on his year of birth, Hank will be eligible for the aged pension at age 66. Since April 1909, when Australia commenced the Invalid and Old Age Pensions Act 1908 for people aged 65, Australias retirement, pension and superannuation policies have become an important factor in the ageing experience. Since then, Australia has made changes to encourage Australians to be more self-sufficient in their retirement, therefore removing the burden of financial assistance from the government. 1915, saw the Income Tax Assessment Act 1915 allowing employers to make contributions on behalf of its employees for superannuation. In 1972 only 32% of Australians where covered by superannuation. In the 80s, the Federal government established policies around superannuation and taxation, this, plus the introduction of superannuation contribution by employers, increased the number of employees covered by Superannuation in 1990 to 64%. In 1992 the superannuation guarantee was implemented, employers were required to contribute to their employees superannuation fund. The amount of contribution progressively increased from 3% to 9% in 2002. In July 2017, the qualifying age for the age pension will increase by 6months every two years until it reaches 67 years of age in 2024 (Parliament of Australia,2010). The impact of government policy in Hanks situation means, that although he will not be eligible for the aged pension until 66, he is eligible to access his superannuation (Australian Department of Human Services (DHS),2017). The Department of Human Services through Centrelink is responsible for income support such as newstart, however in Hanks case, it is unclear if he is eligible for newstart based on his wifes full-time income. Victorian Skills Gateway, which is part of the Victorian Government Department Education and Training (DET) offices help with retraining and job search (DET,2017). Knowing the importance of older workers in the workforce, the government restart program offers incentives for employers to hire people over 50 (DET,2017). They are also looking at reforming structural barriers such as workers compensation, income protection and professional licensing all factors that affect employability of older workers. This is with the hope, that by removing these barriers, will remove negative perceptions of employing older workers (AHRC,2012). Theories of Ageing In the last few decades there has seen the development of many theories on ageing that allow us a better understanding of an older persons world. As a social worker, we can draw upon theories to gain clarity in understanding aspects of the human condition (Tanner Harris,2008, Hughes Heycox,2010). Theory can also enable us to find appropriate approaches to dealing with clients based on their specific needs and situations (Tanner Harris,2008). One of the pioneer theories on ageing, which draw popularity in the 60s through to the mid-seventies is disengagement theory. Disengagement theory, as proposed by Cummings and Henry (1961) states that ageing involves the gradual and inevitable withdrawal of a person from interacting with society. It supposes that this inevitable withdrawal is mutually beneficial, as it sees the transfer of power from the old members of society to the young. According to this theory, to successfully age means a reduction in activity levels and interactions until all activities cease in preparation for death (Hughes Heycox,2010). This enables the young a greater opportunity to become more active in contributing to society, thereby keeping society in balance (Victor,2005). Although Hank did not voluntarily leave the workforce, according to this theory, his retrenchment has set off his path to disengagement. We see this through his discouragement with not finding another job and therefore dropping out o f the job search and isolating himself from his friends. Proponents of this theory, would see this as natural progression for Hank Hank is on natural course leading to the remainder of his life. The problem with this theory in its original form however, is that it doesnt consider social processes and structures that are in place, that may hinder a person such as Hanks ability to engage (Hall Scragg,2012). Critics of this theory say it feeds into the negative stereotypes of ageing, making it seem acceptable and normal for older people to disengage and therefore preventing them from creating circumstances that increase engagement and quality of life (Bengtson DeLiema, 2016). One of its strengths however, is that the development of this theory opened the door to further research, resulting in a clearer view of natural ageing (Bengtson DeLiema,2016). Havighursts (1963) activity theory and Atchleys (1989) continuity theory were both in response to disengagement theory (Carstensen,199 1). Another such modification to disengagement theory was by Streib Schneider (1971), who concluded that disengagement from one sphere of life, does not mean withdrawal from all spheres (Streib Schneider,1971), this made available the idea of new social roles for the aged. As a social worker, applying Streibs version of disengagement activity within disengagement to the case of Hank, Streib emphasis the need for a new role for the retrenched, involving activities that are not mere busy work but should satisfy the social-psychological needs of Hank and be recognised as valid and socially useful pursuits (Streib Schneider,1971). Encouraging Hanks involvement in activities such as the mens shed or volunteer organisations such as meals on wheels or hands on learning (teaching disengaged youths practical skills). These activities differentiate themselves from hobby work because they not only benefit Hank but are also of community benefit. Keeping active in such a way may also lead to renewed encouragement towards employment in other areas. Another challenge to the disengagement perspective is the exchange theory of ageing. This theory draws upon previous works on the social-psychological theory of exchange, and addresses how a decrease in a persons power and status is associated with ageing (Dowd,1975). Dowd presents ageing and social interaction in the image of a cost-benefit model. Dowd reasons that as we age our conduct becomes a burden to ongoing interactions with others. It takes a greater effort to maintain a level of competent contribution, this decreasing competence means those we interact with are getting less benefit in the return they give. The greater the older person is dependent on others, the more they become a burden. Therefore, an older person begins to withdrawal from social life in order to balance the equation of exchange (Lynott Lynott,1996, Bengtson et.al,1997). For Hank, the loss of his job has given him a perceived loss of identity, status and power, not only amongst his social circle as Hanks close friends are still employed, but also within his family. Hank took pride in being the financial support giver for the family but this has been taken away from him, and his wife Jane has had to step up into full-time work. Hank feels he has nothing to offer the workforce or his social circles and therefore has begun to disengage. He is no longer applying for jobs and has withdrawn from contact with people outside his immediate family. The strength of this theory is its power of explanation into the relationship between the costs and rewards within a relationship. It helps us to understand that when we give something to a relationship whether that be employment, friendship, marriage, that to maintain that relationship, we expect something in return (Bengtson et.al,1997). For Hank, this explains his feeling of discouragement, he wants to give but does not feel he has anything to contribute to a work relationship due to his lack of education and decline in physical health this i s also affecting his social network, and family relationship, as he is no longer contributing to the finances. Although this theory is good at explaining relationships on a cost/benefit model, it does not take into account the complexity of relationships and a persons ability to compromise and adapt. It places people in a selfish light willing to give up a relationship if the costs outweigh the benefits. It also doesnt take into account cultural aspects of a relationship and reciprocity of past care or the increased function of older persons assisting the young such as childcare of a grandchild (Poole,2013, Carstensen,1991). Where disengagement theory sees the withdrawal and social isolation of older people as a societal need and of mutual consent, the exchange theory of ageing shows an unequal exchange between older persons and others in society. Disengagement theorists would say the reduction in interaction is fuelled by emotional distancing, whereas exchange looks at the change in dynamics of relationships and interaction (Carstensen,1991). And whilst both theories offer an explanation as to why we decrease in social interaction as we age, both are criticised for their lack of complete empirical data (Carstensen,1991). For Hank, I can see both as factors for his discouragement and disengagement the change in dynamics due to long term job loss has become a trigger for emotional distancing. For a social worker it is important to draw on the knowledge these and other theories gives us in offering a wider understanding of Hanks circumstance, to assist him in moving forward. Challenges and Social Worker Response At 62, Hank hasnt reached what most of us would consider older age, but he is now facing a serious transition point due to the current circumstance of his job loss. Hank is looking ahead at the challenges all Australians face when growing old. Australian society has made significant achievements in the promotion of health and wellbeing of its older citizens. However, our older population still faces many challenges. Some of which include biological and psychological changes general and mental health including dementia care. Other challenges include ageism and social isolation. Ageism can be seen here in discriminatory practices in employment or retrenchment strategies that see people like Hank lose their job or have difficulty in finding new employment (Thompson,2016). Throughout the last century, the Australian government has developed policies, such as those mentioned in previous sections, to enable people to be more self-sufficient in their older years. However, the government fo cus is often on the cost burden of aged care without consideration of protecting human rights, recognising contributions of older Australians and ensuring the needs of social inclusion (Ife,2012, Poole,2013). Although older people may be seen as a burden to society, they actually make substantial contribution. They volunteer an average 4.4hr more a week than working people and are often a valuable source of child-care to their grand-children (Poole,2013). Social work can play an important role in responding to the needs of a client such as Hank by taking a holistic approach to practice. Holistic care means focusing on the whole person, physical, emotional and spiritual, as it relates to their environment. It is taking into consideration a wide range of factors that affect the client (Tanner Harris, 2008). A social worker will consider all aspects involved in their care including, ecological and systems perspectives, legal and ethical matters, plus the biopsychosocial aspects (AASW,2013). The quality of a persons life can be enriched by adding opportunities to thrive under any circumstances. So assisting Hank maintain his independence and to participate to the fullness of his being, is important to his wellbeing and speaks of Hank in terms of his right to dignity and self-fulfilment. As we have seen above,a social worker uses knowledge, theoretical frameworks and models to identifying the best way to approach and discover the clients, strengths, weakness, and opportunities for participation and well-being. It is also important in the case of Hank, to be up-to-date with the latest policies and procedures provided by both State and Federal government. A person-centred approach considers the client as the expert in their own life and able to decide on their own lives path (Tanner Harris, 2008). Thus, encouraging clients within the system to take control and be empowered within their own lives. The effectiveness of this in Hanks case, is it supports the need for collaboration and keeps at the forefront the client and his family, as people with needs and desires, who should always be in control of their own decisions. Social workers also focus on social justice, delving into the inequalities and oppression within society based on such factors as age, gender, class, poverty, race, culture and sexual orientation to become an advocate of change (AASW,2013, Thompson,2016). They can help develop those opportunities through change in policy, social planning and community involvement (Hughes Heycox,2010). This Contributes not only to the individual client, but to the community as a whole. Conclusion With Australias growing older population and the fast-paced technological world of modernisation and globalisation, there are many real cases like Hanks happening every day. It is hoped that any new federal government reforms will assist in helping older Australians maintain active and productive lives, not only for the sake of individual wellbeing but also for the betterment of society. Social workers can have a role to play in policy reform by being strong voice in advocacy for change. Social Workers also have an arsenal of tools to draw upon, to help work collaboratively with the client to assist them in making decisions that have a positive influence on their lives and the lives of those around them. 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